This Knife Might Not Work Once

This Northwest Trail knife is built wrong. Clipped into your pocket, when you take it out, you have to flip it around before you can open it. You get what you pay for.

My neighborhood Walmart is my pharmacy and I enjoy walking the store while waiting for my presscription. The abundance of stuff speaks to our deep, broad, and wide prosperty, a direct consequence of the market economy. Free markets = free minds. Usually, as much as I like looking, I seldom buy. However, over the years, working in physical security and serving in the Texas Military Department, I have bought extra gear. I learned that lesson from a classmate in criminology. She looked into the trunk of my car and said, "You only have stuff for yourself. I always carry extra." 

And you can always use an extra knife. I never leave home without at least one knife and at least one way to make a fire. That was a lesson from a team-building exercise when I worked for Coin World. We had a series of monthly Monday morning meetings to get to know each other in order to improve our quality of worklife. There were about 40 of us from Coin World, Linn's, Scott's, the press operators, and pre-press at about six or eight tables. The last exercise was a survival scenario.

You are coming home from a vacation in South America with the team mates at your table. Your plane hits a storm and you go down. You crash land. The pilot is killed. The plane is unflyable. The radio does not work. You are all mostly all right. You have to come out together. This is an inventory of what you all packed on your vacation. Golf clubs... a bottle of rum... a .38-cal handgun with six bullets... a Christmas candle... and a bunch of other stuff I don't remember. Not everyone got out. One team gave up right away and decided to settle in place for the rest of their lives. The one press operator on our team said that she was going out on her own. I said that in real life I would join her and leave them behind, but we all have to come out togther, that's the rules. I told my team mates to leave the gun and the rum or not everyone is going to make it. They ignored that. One guy said to bring the gun so that we could fire it into the air to attract natives who would help us. I thought that was a bad idea on several levels. He asked why I wanted the Christmas candle. I replied, "To help make a fire." He said that we are in a jungle and can build a fire anytime. He said to bring the golf clubs. "Whatever for?" I asked. "To make a stretcher and carry someone who is wounded or to kill small game." The others saw the wisdom in both of those plans. You see, this guy was obviously the de facto leader, well known and well liked. It went on for about 45 minutes. Then they gave us the answer from the back of the book.

According to the Army Rangers, you stay with the plane for 72 hours. Someone knows you are missing. They will come looking for you. The plane is unflyable. If you hear help coming you can set it on fire as a signal. In any case, after 72 hours, set it on fire anyway and head out. Find a stream and follow it downhill. Somewhere near the water's edge, probably at the mouth of the river, you will find a village. Whatever you took, you always need a knife and a way to make fire.

Since that day in AD 2000, I never leave home without at least one knife and at least one way to make a fire. 

How many knives do you need? How many can you carry? As the public affairs officer for the Maritime Regiment of the Texas State Guard, I went out with our dive team several times. One time on shore, one of the divers was fussing with some line and needed to cut his knife free. He reached around left and right and went for the leg he was sitting on and then tried to lean over his tanks to grab his pack. I handed him one of mine. His unit leader saw that. "Don't you always have three knives?" he barked. "Well, yeah, but this one is tied up and ... " His leader shook his head and walked away. 

I do not know what I will do with the Northwest Trails knife. I won't toss it out, but I cannot have it for an everyday carry. My Victorinox is my EDC. When I retired from the TXSG, I stopped carrying the Benchmade that I always clipped to the right pocket of my ACUs. The Benchmade works the way a knife is supposed to. I still need a replacement for civilian life. (See, also Gibbs's Rule #9 from NCIS.) You can always use an extra knife; and in the worst case, it only has to work once.

When I was learning to fly, I was coming in a bit low, and the instructor pushed the yoke forward for a little more airspeed and lift. When we were done, he asked, "What you have done if you had come down in the bean field at the end of the runway?" I replied, "Stay with the plane 72 hours, then set it on fire and walk in to the terminal." 

PREVIOUSLY ON NECESSARY FACTS

The Genius of Design

Objectified

Documentation is Specification

Leadership

Austin’s Homeless: Laissez Faire in a Mixed Economy

Here in Austin, Texas, the reductio ad absurdum of the city government’s policies toward the homeless is that you (and all your friends) can take over any public space for your own use. The city council and mayor have declared de facto privatization. I want a school. They are not being used now and I can make good use of one. Once in, I will be hard to extricate because schools are defensible fortresses. (See, for example, The Girl Who Owned a City.) Perhaps you would like a park or a sports arena. Just find one that is not being used and make yourself a home. 

 

Menchaca and Ben White Jan 2020 and June 2020 

Austin Statesman

City Council rescinds measures that critics say criminalize homelessness

By Elizabeth Findell 

Posted Jun 21, 2019 at 3:36 AM

Updated Jun 21, 2019 at 6:14 PM

 

The Austin City Council early Friday rescinded city prohibitions on sitting or sleeping in public and panhandling — measures social advocates said wrongly criminalized homelessness — after hours of emotional testimony from passionate residents on both sides of the issue.

 

The decisions, made after 2 a.m. during a meeting that started at 10 a.m., capped a long day of intense discussion surrounding several homelessness-related votes at City Hall.

 

https://www.statesman.com/news/20190621/city-council-rescinds-measures-that-critics-say-criminalize-homelessness

 

Ben White opposite Target Then 

Summary of Changes to the Ordinances

On October 17, 2019, the City Council made several revisions to the city ordinance that prohibits camping in public areas.  Other ordinances, including those prohibiting obstruction on sidewalks in the downtown area and aggressive confrontation, remain unchanged.  The ordinance changes went into effect on October 28, 2019.

https://www.austintexas.gov/department/council-direction-and-policy

 

The Texas Tribune

Greg Abbott says TxDOT could remove homeless camps from Austin's highway underpasses

BY DAVIS RICH OCT. 18, 2019

 

The governor has vowed to use state resources to clear Austin's homeless residents from public spaces since city officials began changing local ordinances dictating where people can and can't camp.

 

Gov. Greg Abbott's office said Friday the Texas Department of Transportation could force homeless Austin residents out from under bridges and overpasses where some of them live or camp if recent changes to city ordinances don't result in less feces and fewer needles by Nov. 1.

 

https://www.texastribune.org/2019/10/18/greg-abbott-says-txdot-will-remove-austin-homeless-under-highways/

Ben White opposite Target Now 

 

KVUE-TV (ABC)

After more downtown stabbings, Abbott says Austin's 'reckless' policies on homelessness 'must end now'

Author: Drew Knight, Luis de Leon

Published: 5:16 PM CST January 24, 2020

Updated: 8:16 AM CST January 25, 2020

AUSTIN, Texas — After a series of Downtown Austin stabbings overnight left three people injured, Gov. Greg Abbott released a pointed statement for the Austin City Council on Friday.

"City of Austin leaders have allowed lawlessness throughout the capital city that is resulting in violence against Austin residents, including those who are homeless," Gov. Abbott said in a statement released to KVUE. "Last night’s tragedy, leaving three injured, is just the most recent instance of this violence. This rise in violence has corresponded with the revocation of the camping ban that the Austin City Council passed in June. Public endangerment and murder can no longer be tolerated because of the actions – and inactions – by City officials. Mayor Adler and the city council should re-instate the camping ban and restore the rule of law in Austin. The City’s gamble on these reckless policies has been a loser and must end now."

https://www.kvue.com/article/news/local/gov-abbott-calls-austin-homeless-policy-reckless-after-stabbings/269-fe1bd9ab-d65b-4cff-a013-3edb295c4c1f

 

Fox-7 TV

Gov. Abbott working to override Austin homeless camping ordinance

By Steven Sarabia 

Published February 7 [2020]

Homeless Crisis FOX 7 Austin

While talking about Austin's homeless issues Wednesday, Abbott said on Twitter, "Next step should be to reinstate the ban on camping and work with non-profit organizations to assist with shelters. That's exactly what I will ask the Texas Legislature to do."

https://www.fox7austin.com/news/gov-abbott-working-to-override-austin-homeless-camping-ordinance

Wikipedia provided this definition from the Communist Party of Texas

LUMPENPROLETARIAT - German for "rag proletariat." Generally unemployable people who make no positive contribution to an economy. Sometimes described as the bottom layer of a capitalist society. May include criminal and mentally unstable people. Some activists consider them "most radical" because they are "most exploited," but they are un-organizable and more likely to act as paid agents than to have any progressive role in class struggle.  See https://www.cp-texas.org/glossary

 

Previously on NecessaryFacts

 

Workers’ Paradise Promised an End to Money 

Timothy Snyder’s On Tyranny 

Karl Marx and the Dustbin of History 

Furloughs for Freedom: Downsizing Government 

Toxic Leadership 

 

Désirée (Miss Kitty)

We put our cat to sleep last night. We adopted her from the Pets Alive shelter here in Austin on August 29, 2016. She seemed close to two years old then and was diagnosed feline leukemia positive. 

She was an indoor cat. She was content to be in her own space. She liked to sit on her tower and watch the street. She did hang out on the porch, often under it. A couple of times, she got through the fence to the neighbor's yard; and a couple of times she jumped into our front yard. The most interesting moment was when she was nowhere to be found in the house or in back. We found her in the front yard. But the front window screen was secured. Apparently, she pushed her way out and it snapped back into place behind her. 

She came into my office every morning to be petted. Then I would feed her while I made my coffee. At night, she sat with us and watched TV. 

The shelter listed her as Desiree. I liked the name for the 1954 film biography of Bernardine Eugénie Désirée Clary that starred Jean Simmons with Marlon Brando as Napoleon Bonaparte and Michael Rennie as Jean Baptiste Bernadotte. Laurel called her Miss Kitty, which was also okay with me for the Gunsmoke leading lady played by Amanda Blake. 

PREVIOUSLY ON NECESSARY FACTS

Only a Cat

Mortality

Reflections on the Passing of a Comrade

Backyard Astronomy

As a member, I borrowed a Meade 10-inch Maksutov-Cassegrain Schmidt-Cassegrain telescope from the Austin Astronomical Society for the next three months. [Edited 24 Sept 2020.]

It took a couple of hours with the manual and practice indoors to understand the computer controls. Weighing about 80 pounds (35kg), it is meant to be set up and left outdoors, if you can. At the orientation, the equipment manager cautioned against letting rain get directly on the computer console. I waited for a week of weather to pass and bought a heavy plastic tarpaulin to supplement the ones I have. Once aligned and programmed, the computer encoder and 18-volt DC motor will drive the telescope to any of 200 targets in its database. For the first night (morning, actually), I just took the easy targets: Moon, Jupiter, Saturn, and Mars. The next day, I went back to the user manual to figure out the finder scope. Everything is a lot harder in the dark.

Snapshot changed 24 September 2020

With a smaller telescope, adjusting the tripod is always an option. With this, it never was. Once leveled and aligned, you pretty much change chairs, stools, and outdated tax manuals to sit or stand on, about as often as you otherwise change oculars. I used just two eyepieces, 32 mm and 20 mm for about 30x 62x and 50x 100x respectively. [The telescope has a 2000 mm focal length.-MEM] I also was happy to have filters for the Moon. It was bright enough to shine through two, the standard Moon filter and the Red for total transmission of about 1.8%. 

From https://telescopeguides.com
/schmidt-cassegrain-vs-maksutov-cassegrain/

Viewing Jupiter, I could see turbulences along the bottom of the top band. Saturn’s rings were split. I could not tell if the “band” on Saturn was a “shadow” of the rings. Mars was a challenge because I was sure that I could detect shading in the middle two-thirds. 

As often as I go out in the backyard to view celestial objects through instruments, I am not sanguine about the activity. The stars are pretty at any magnification. If you do not understand what you are looking at, you have gained very little by the experience. My most surprising lessons were identifying the Andromeda Galaxy and the Beehive Cluster, both of which are naked eye objects that were catalogued a thousand years ago. 

PREVIOUSLY ON NECESSARY FACTS

Linguistics Debate: What Colors are Your Rainbow? 

Feynman’s Rainbow by Leonard Mlodinow 

M44 Beehive Cluster First Sighting  

The Philosophical Breakfast Club 

Technical Writer Job Description

After a year at EOS-North America in additive manufacturing ("3D printing"), I accepted a new contract with a state agency. The EOS-NA human resources department asked me for a job description. You can find  boilerplate online; and that is often what I respond to in Help Wanted ads. Those cut-and-paste lists tell me that the people doing the hiring have no clue what is involved. For example, they often ask for a college degree in communication. To me, that's the degree for podcasters.

Here is a general description of what I did as  your technical writer. It is an outline of who I am and what I brought to the job. What you want to avoid is looking for another person just like the one you lost. You are not replacing a part in a machine. You are bringing in a family member. Your next technical writer could be a science talented high school student.

A technical writer has a demonstrated history of professional non-fiction writing. The preferred experience is in creating user manuals for information systems. That documentation can be intended for final users, such as clerical or automation workers. It can also be system documentation intended for programmers or engineers. Related experience can include journalism, academic research, advertising or feature writing for online or print media.

Common tools include the Microsoft Office Suite, especially Word, but also Excel, PowerPoint, Paint, and Visio. Experience with desktop publishing can include Microsoft Publisher, Adobe Creative Suite (or Adobe Creative Cloud) or Madcap Flare. Adobe has been aggressive in acquiring other companies such as FrameMaker, InDesign, and PageMaker. So, an experienced writer could have used those before they were elements of the Adobe package. All of the current documentation was created with Microsoft Office. It resides as Microsoft Word documents.

The important benchmarks are measurable. The current EOS-NA User Manual runs 234 pages, 27,000 words; and it reads at a ninth grade level with 8% passive-voice sentences.

A technical writer interviews subject matter experts, usually by email, though often in person, to get specific answers to complex or subtle questions. A technical writer works with new systems as a tester, taking the user viewpoint as an involved but uninformed participant.

For this job at EOS-NA in Pflugerville, knowledge of factory production and factory automation, including both mechanical and electronic systems, as well as basic physics and chemistry are also helpful. Important as all of those can be, they are secondary to being inquisitive, curious, and persistent in the pursuit of measurable facts.

Facility with a camera, whether single-lens-reflex or a cell phone, is important. Being able to generate flow charts and other logic diagrams is also a key component of this job. Much of the graphical work consists of manipulating, enhancing, and annotating screenshots.

The job demands the ability to ensure that terminology is correct and consistent across all publications.

The technical writer is a Team of One. Mindful of the needs of the company and its customers, the technical writer sets their own intermediate goals and meets their own incremental deadlines.

Hope that helps.

Best Regards,

Mike M.

Michael E. Marotta

Senior Technical Writer | EOS North America
3813 Helios Way, Suite B298 | Pflugerville, TX 78660
Office +1 512.388.7916 | Mobile +1 734.223.9054

PREVIOUSLY ON NECESSARY FACTS

The Origins of Technical Writing

Art and Copy

Seeing in the Dark: Your Front Row Seat to the Universe

Money as Living History

Cosmos: A Spacetime Travesty

Watching this on DVD with the captions on allowed me to identify an array of failures of science, reason, and fact. 

The curtain opened with a quote from Carl Sagan: “The cosmos is all that is or ever was or ever will be.” The rest of the series denies that and betrays Sagan’s legacy with frequent allusions to “alternate universes” and “alternate realities.” But those do not exist except as subsets of the universe: all that ever was, is, or will be. That was Carl Sagan’s worldview; and it is the metaphysics and epistemology of rational-empiricism which is the scientific method. But the scientific method is not applied in this series while vague assertions and imaginative claims are touted as “great mysteries” and even “miracles.” 

The failure to adhere to the scientific method led to a cascade of ignorant statements about evolution and the origin of species. Contrary to the narrative of how wolves and humans learned to get along (Episode 2: Some of the Things that Molecules Do), the fact is that crosses of wolves and dogs can produce fertile offspring. They are not species as Darwin defined them. Neither are polar bears. 

Discussing the life and work of Sir Isaac Newton, (Episode 3: When Knowledge Conquered Fear) Dr. Tyson never mentions the fact that Newton’s theory of gravity—powerful as it was in defining not just a branch of science, but the worldview of a civilization—cannot be extended beyond two bodies in empty space. Any 3-body or n-body problem can only be solved for specially restricted cases or by repetitive numerical methods and reliance on compiled tables of direct observations. 

If you stop to read the words and reflect on the content, you realize that there is at once more and less here than meets the eyes and ears. That is a message from the opening of Episode 6: Deeper and Deeper Still, and it is presented in a way that denies the legacy of Carl Sagan. Dr. Tyson says: “Seeing is not believing. Our senses deceive us. Even the stars are not what they appear to be. The cosmos as revealed by science is stranger than we ever could have imagined. Light, and time, and space, and gravity conspire to create realities which lie beyond human experience.” 

But discovering the cosmos is the human experience. Epistemology, psychology, and physiology all inform us that our senses are accurate and precise. Why are the senses of bees, birds, and beavers reliable for them, but ours are specially cursed?  Like them all, we, too, evolved on Earth and adapted to its changing environments. Our senses are in and of the world.  Moreover, we invent and construct transducers – telescopes, microscopes, electroscopes, spectroscopes – that extend and enhance our senses. Would you suggest that the rings of Saturn and the nucleus of a paramecium are not real?

We fail ourselves with bad ideas that deny the evidence delivered by our senses. The scientific method unites the rational and experiential, the theoretical and practical, the synthetic and analytic. Physical reality does not plot against us. We are in and of the universe. That was Carl Sagan’s message from the very beginning.

Episode 14: The Immortals includes several errors across the curriculum of general science. Attempting to explain that we are broadcasting messages into the cosmos, Dr. Tyson offers Project Diana, an effort of the US Army Signal Lab to reflect radar with the Moon as the target. However, our electrical signals were already going out for a hundred years because just closing and opening the DC circuits of telegraphs from the 1840s caused electro-magnetic pulses. And radio transmissions began in the next generation. Anyone who knows the work of Carl Sagan knows that Contact gave the honor of the first the television broadcast into outer space to the opening of the 1936 Olympics. As for Project Diana, contrary to the cartoon, the radar signals from the Earth station did not go sweeping past the Moon. They were targeted to be as close to a lunar diameter as possible in order to maximize the return signal. Most of that, about 95% of the reflection, was scattered into space. But that is not what we were shown. 

Dr. Tyson’s script had him say that the civilizations of 2200 BCE all collapsed because of a worldwide drought. It was easy to claim in 2014. By 2018 that event was arguable. (Read about the Meghalayan debate.) Even so, the script says that among the civilizations that collapsed in 2200 BCE was that of Greece, but Greece had no such civilization then. 

The main point of Episode 14 was that life on Earth could have originated with entities in meteorites. But where did those organisms come from? Cosmos says that they evolved on other planets and were hurled into space by asteroid impacts on those alien worlds. But, then where did they come from? We have an infinite chain of antecedents. The fact is that long polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) such as naphthalene (C₁₀H₈) and anthracene (C₁₄H₁₀), are known to exist in nebulae. Dr. Tyson’s script correctly identified carbon as the key to life on Earth. And carbon seems plentiful in free space. 

Dr. Tyson says that bacteria from outer space are constantly and continuously landing on Earth in meteorites. He suggests that perhaps all life on Earth evolved from such bacteria. But they are fairly complex lifeforms. How could simpler life have devolved from them? If you stop and think about it, was it those alien organisms and not their host asteroids that eradicated life on Earth in massive extinctions? That possibility suggested by their premise seems not to have occurred to Ann Druyan and Steven Soter who wrote the scripts that Neil Degrasse Tyson spoke to us.

PREVIOUSLY ON NECESSARY FACTS

The Scientific Method 

Great Scientific Experiments 

Four Books About Bad Science 

Copernicus on the Revolution of Heavenly Bodies 

Rescuing Aristotle and the Church 

Females and Women

Recounting Barbara Gregory’s long and successful career at the American Numismatic Association, the organization’s own press releases were not alone in referring to her as a “female editor.” Ultimately, it seemed to me to be benign sexism. I found it to be a way to dismiss a person by placing them in an ascribed class. The essential problem would be impossible to ignore if we were to substitute other arbitrary distinctions of race, religion, class, or culture. Disguising our cognitive dissonance with soubriquets only makes it harder to ignore. I take my lead on this from Elizabeth Samet, professor of English at the U.S. Military Academy. 

“If the history of the military profession presents certain obstacles to women’s ambitions for meaningful service today, women in uniform likewise destabilize a military culture founded on essentially chivalric traditions. One linguistic solution to this problem attempts to obscure the presence of women by referring to them clinically with the noun females. Imagine a cultural history that boasted Euripides’ The Trojan Females, D. H. Lawrence’s Females in Love, and the Stephen Sondheim gem “The Females Who Lunch.” Already drilled in the replacement of women by females, my students don’t recognize how jarring it is to hear the term in the middle of some astute literary analysis. It completely ruins the mood. Such terminology appeals especially to those cadets and officers most disquieted by the presence of women in their ranks.” -- Soldier’s Heart: Reading Literature Through Peace and War at West Point by Elizabeth D. Samet (Farrar, Strauss, Giroux; 2007).

Allow me to suggest that all of the praise sublimates to condescension if we construct an equal and opposite narrative.

On April 30, 2012, Steve Roach, previously Coin World's associate editrix, became the first male editrix of Coin World in fifty years. On May 1, 2020, Caleb Noel became the first male editrix of The Numismatist in 38 years. Males have long been making inroads into the domains of famous journalists, writers, publishers, and editrices such as Nellie Bly, Clare Boothe Luce, Katharine Graham, Gloria Steinem, and Arianna Huffington. It should be no surprise, when you consider popular writers such as Charles Dickens, Mark Twain, H. L. Mencken, and Philip Roth, whose works are often considered the equal of Jane Austen, the Brontës, and Dorothy Parker, and even today sell almost as well as Danielle Steele and E. L. James.

The foundation of that hypocrisy stands out to me because most of the editors I have worked for were women. The reasons may be cultural or inherent, ascribed or attained but the fact is impossible to ignore. So, I have to ask: By what right do people who happen to be born (apparently) male declare that the majority of humans are “just as good” as they are? 

PREVIOUSLY ON NECESSARY FACTS

The Madame Curie Complex

Bringing Philosophy to Athens: Aspasia of Miletos

Ma Kiley: Railroad Telegrapher

She's Such a Geek!

Thoughts on "Soldier's Heart"

My Numismatic Bibliography (Partial List)

Much can be learned from examinating, comparing, contrasting. sorting, and arranging. It is said that Mendeleev established the periodic table of elements by playing solitaire with cards displaying the empirical data of the elements. (See the Library of the University of California at San Diego here and also Nature here.) So, you have start with the material evidence. From that, putting the facts into the right order reveals many new truths.

The Numismatist

“A New Look at the Origins of Coinage,” The Numismatist, Vol 108, No. 8, (August 1995) (George Heath Literary Award, First Place, 1996).

“A Penny Earned: the Wages of Work,” The Numismatist, Vol. 109, no 11 (November 1996), p. 1320-1321, ill.

“In Praise of Walking Liberty,” The Numismatist, Vol 109, no 1, (January 1997)

“The Buffalo Nickel: America's Handsomest Coin,” The Numismatist, Vol. 110, no. 5 (May 1997), p.502-504; 539, ill.

“The Affordable Yet Beautiful Peace Dollar,” The Numismatist, Vol. 111, no. 6 (June 1998)

“Lost Opportunity: the Double Dime,” The Numismatist, Volume 111, no. 9 (September 1999), p. 1024-1029; 1069, ill.

“A Passion for Bust Halves, “ The Numismatist, Vol. 113, no. 12 (December 2000), p. 1407-1411; 1489, ill. 

“The Bicentennial Coinage of 1976,” The Numismatist, Vol 114, no. 5 (May 2001), p. 501-503;541-542, ill.

“Sir Isaac Newton: Warden and Master of the Mint,” The Numismatist, Vol. 114, no. 11 (November 2001), p. 1302-1308, 1363 : ill., port. (George Heath Literary Award, Second Place, 2002)

“How to Assemble a Dime Type Set,” The Numismatist, Vol. 115 no 5 (May 2002), p. 495-501, ill.

“Short Snorters: Keeping the Memories Alive,” The Numismatist, Vol 115, no 11 (November 2002), p.1302-1305, ill.

“Mr. Longacre's Indian Head cent,” The Numismatist, Vol. 116, no. 10 (October 2003), p. 33-36 : ill.
“The Many Faces of Coronet Cents,”  The Numismatist, Vol 117, no 4 (April 2004)

“Proof Double Eagles: Rarity and Perfection,” The Numismatist, Vol 118, no 8 (August 2005), p.36-40, ill.

“The Riddle of Riddell (From Texas to the Moon with John Leonard Riddell),” The Numismatist, Vol. 127, No. 4 (April 2014)

“Pursuing Paper Artifacts: A Checklist for Syngraphists,” The Numismatist, Vol. 128 No. 4 (April 2015)
“Internet Connections” Monthly feature column, The Numismatist, January 2004 to December 2010.

The Celator 

“Champagne: The Athens of the Middle Ages, The Celator, Vol. 25. No. 11, November 2009.

“Harlan Berk’s 100 Greatest Ancient Coins: A Glimpse Behind the Book,” The Celator, Vol 22. no. 11, (November 2008), p. 28-29;37.

“Copper Owls : The Emergency Coinage of Athens 406 BC,” The Celator, Vol. 19, no. 10 (October 2005), p. 6-16: ill., map. 

“Electrum,” The Celator, Vol. 17, no. 8 (August 2003), p. 25-31: ill.

“Book Review - Sargent, Thomas J. and Françoise R. Velde. The Big Problem of Small Change. Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2002.” The Celator 17.3 (March 2003), pp. 34.

“Authenticators Offer Range of Services,” The Celator, Vol. 16, no. 12 (December 2002), p. 37. 

“Portraits and Representations of Alexander the Great,” (co-author Ann M. Zakelj), The Celator, Vol 16., no. 7, (July 2002), p. 6-20 ill.

“Foiled by Fourrees?: Are these Plated Coins Official Issues or are all Plated Coins False? The Celator, Vol. 15, no. 12 (December 2001), p. 20-27.

“The Crime of Diogenes,” The Celator, Vol. 13, no. 5, May 1999

“Ancient Coins Show They Knew It Was Round,” The Celator. Vol. 12, no. 2, (February, 1998), p. 18-20 : ill

“The Origin of Coinage: Evolution of a Theory,” The Celator Vol. 11, No. 10, (October, 1997), p. 32-34.

“Kolophon: A Quiet Place to Raise a Family,” The Celator, Vol 11, no 8, (August 1997).

“Dyrrachium: Rome's Gateway to Greece,” The Celator, Vol 11 no 4, (April 1997).

“The Voice of Classical Greek,” The Celator, Vol. 10, no 1, (January 1996).

“Lycian League Issued Interesting Series of Coinage,” The Celator, Vol. 9, no 11, (November 1995).

“Book Review - Before Writing: A Catalog of Near Eastern Tokens,” The Celator, Vol. 9, no 1, (January 1995).

“Computer Software for the Collector,” The Celator, Vol 8, no. 8, (August 1994).

“The Purse of Eratosthenes: the Coinage and Commerce of Cyrene,” The Celator, Vol. 8, no 1, (January 1994), p 18-20., ill

PREVIOUSLY ON NECESSARY FACTS

Aaron Feldman: Buy the Book Before You Buy the Coin

Not Conned by Sehgal's "Coined"

Gresham's Conjecture

Electrum Sixths and the Treaty of Mytilene

Mistakes Happen: VAM Varieties (U.S. Silver Dollars According to Van Allen and Mallis)

This is why coin collectors want electron microscopes. You see, the Mint was forced to strike millions of these, just to consume silver. The price of silver had collapsed because of the Comstock Load of Nevada which brought more new silver into the world than existed at that time. Mining interests found a supporter in U.S. Senator Richard P. "Silver Dick" Bland.

Over on the CoinTalk.com discussion board, the topic of lenses came up once again. I replied with an allusion to a friend who pursues VAMs. Another regular poster commented on my answer.

Alegandron said: 

Still, our Ancients questions seem to always be answered from the perspective of Modern Coins and their acronyms viewpoints...

(His avatar caption is a tribute to Alexander the Great)

I replied: Yes, my apologies. I thought about that... (If anything, I am an ancients guy. I have not done much with U.S.). You probably googled it. VAM: Van Allen and Mallis for their cataloguing of every Mint error in a useless but big and shiny and (I admit) nicely designed coin. (The Morgan Dollar. The Peace Dollar has a nice obverse, but the Reverse was the botched work of an angry and aged George Morgan.)

Comprehensive Catalog and Encyclopedia
of Morgan and Peace Dollars
by Leroy C Van Allen; and A George Mallis
(many editions 1976 to present)

“As a way to appease miners in the West and other silver supporters, the Bland-Allison Act of 1878 ordered the Treasury to buy $2 million to $4 million in silver from the miners each month. The bill was also a way by some congressmen to return the United States to bimetallism. Twelve years later, the Sherman Silver Purchase Act followed, with similar intent, requiring the United States government to buy an additional 4.5 million ounces of silver bullion every month. However, the government could do so with gold notes, which was driving silver out of circulation.” – “Crime of '73” at the US Mint here:  https://www.usmint.gov/news/inside-the-mint/mint-history-crime-of-1873

At that level of production, quality control as we understand it today was impossible. Errors were common. Most of them were simply the result of daily work. If a numeral of a date did not seem sharp enough, the die was repunched to bring it out more. With our magnifiers today, we can tell. Overpunched Mintmarks (O over CC ) were the result of dies intended originally for Carson City being sent to New Orleans. Die clashes happened when a coin blank was not injected into the dies and they struck each other. Subsequent coins would show evidence of the opposing patterns. 

Die doubling is a consequence of how working dies are made from masters. The master is pressed into the working die several times (typically three). The forces required result in hardening of the working die. So, it is annealed (softened) with heat. The master is reapplied. If the master does not re-align with microscopic precision some of the image will be doubled, like a visual “echo” of a line or edge of a device (Eagle’s feather; Miss Liberty’s hair), numeral, or letter. Again, some collectors pursue those with magnifiers, loupes, and microscopes.

In wider numismatics, such detailed examinations can show if dies were transported from one place to another, especially if we have other reasons to believe that they were. In the ancient Greek world c 500-100 BCE, celators (die cutters) were in demand as perhaps a thousand independent cities issued their own coinages. 

American numismatics has a different motive. We have less history. So, many advanced collectors focus on small details within issues. 

PREVIOUSLY ON NECESSARY FACTS

Money as a Crusoe Concept 

Money as Living History 

To Make Money 

The Art of Finance 

  

M44 Beehive Cluster First Sighting

As with the Andromeda Galaxy, I was pleasantly surprised and a little crestfallen to discover how easy it was to sight, given that I had never seen it before. I just did not know what was possible. I have a major shopping center one mile to my east and a smaller one a mile to the west. The lights of the city of Austin block my northern sky. And yet... 

The Beehive Cluster is a bound group of 1000 stars in the constellation of Cancer. You can see it without an instrument from the city if you know what you are looking at. Naked eye it is a small, tight cluster about 3 fists to the right of the great sickle of Leo's head, in the more-or-less-open-space between Leo and the Twins. (The Crab is not visually compelling.) A telescope reveals much.

About what it looked like to me.
Screenshot trimmed from
EarthSky.com image by F. Espanek

Most commonly catalogued as Messier 44, the Beehive is associated with another cluster, the Hyades which form the V of Taurus's horns. (See NASA Hyades here and NASA Beehive here.) The two clusters are the same age and moving in the same direction. (Aldeberan, the Eye of the Bull, is not physically a member, but only aligned visually from our perspective.) The Beehive is about 600 million years old and about 600 light years from Earth. It takes a larger telescope to view the entire cluster because at 1.5 degrees of celestial arc it seems as wide as three full Moons.

I spotted the cluster first with my binoculars, Bushnell 12x42 (12 power-42 mm front lens), to make sure that I knew what my target would be.

I started the evening by aligning my finder scopes on Venus. It is now nearing an apparent maximum brightness, though the crescent is waning. I used filters to cut down the glare in order to resolve Venus to a disk.

My new iPhone 11 is not yet compatible with my instruments.

The filter kit was easily the best bargain from Celestron. I felt validated when I saw other amateurs with big dobsonian light buckets using the same kit. My 5.25-inch (130mm) reflector came with a lot of short-cuts. I just lost another screw last night. Moreover, the reflector requires frequent special adjustment (collimation) of the mirrors. I recentlybought a collimator and followed the instructions but the images are still not as sharp as they are with my smaller 70 mm (2.75-inch) National Geographic refractor. Obviously, it takes some finesse. I was also surprised not to have noticed before that the refractor inverts the image differently than the reflector. Usually for astronomy it is not a big deal: there is no true up or down in space; left and right can be consequential. The refractor showed the bright side of Venus facing the Sun.

PREVIOUSLY ON NECESSARY FACT
Backyard Astronomy
Seeing in the Dark: Your Front Row Seat to the Universe
The Andromeda Galaxy

Amateur Astronomy for Pay
The Scientific Method