This is a thoughtful, thought-provoking set of aphorisms and
reflections. As much as I enjoyed
it – and believe that I benefited from reading it three times – I have to ask
if the author would have written it had Hillary Clinton been elected president.
 |
On Tyranny: Twenty Lessons from the Twentieth Century
by Timothy Snyder,
Tim Duggin Books (Penguin Random House LLC),
2017; 126 pages, $7.95. |
“History does not repeat but it does instruct.” (page 9).
“History allows us to see patterns and make judgments. It
sketches for us the structures within which we can seek freedom. It reveals
moments, each one of them different, none entirely unique. To understand one moment is to see the
possibility of being the cocreator of another. History permits us to be
responsible not for everything, but for something.” (125)
Snyder’s thesis is that Donald Trump represents a new
fascism. Snyder includes aspects
of communism and Nazism, as well, acknowledging that all three are variants of
the same collectivism of the early 20th century. A couple of warnings do apply to
Democrat Party politicians; and at least one nice nod went to the unnamed
George H. W. Bush for his “thousand points of light.” But Snyder’s target is
Donald Trump. And I have to agree,
if only because Trump is the President, and, whatever her foibles, Clinton is
not.
None of the quotations or citations are referenced; the book
has no footnotes or end notes.
However, the writing is unassailable with nice segues across the
chapters. Snyder counsels us to be
our own investigative reporters, to check stories, rather than just accepting
what we want to view and believe.
Snyder also warns us to be wary of sound-bites out of context. He then
commits both errors near the end of the book.
Explaining why Donald Trump is a nationalist, but not a
patriot (which I accept), Snyder writes that Trump wants to return to the
economic chaos of the 1930s:
The president himself
has described a regime change in the style of the 1930s as the solution to the
problems of the present: “You know what solves it? When the economy crashes,
when the country goes to total hell and everything is a disaster.” What we
need, he thinks, are “riots to go back to where we used to be when we were
great.” (page 123)
So, I googled the statement, and found that it was made on February 10, 2014 about 6:36
AM on
"Fox & Friends." Then, I found a plausible interpretation from
Snopes. I checked four other claims Snyder made, and all of them were true. In any case, the quote above was unreferenced and taken out
of context.
Chapter 6: Be wary of paramilitaries
He does not identify the Occupy movement of the left as a
paramilitary, but neither does he dwell on the many “citizen militias” of the
right. Snyder’s concern is with the crowd control at the Trump campaign rallies
in 2016. I found that less
salient. Hecklers are there to disrupt, not to engage in dialog. In effect,
they are thieves who violate property rights, denying access to the venue that
was paid for by the candidate and the supporters. However, Snyder is cogent when he points out: “The SS began
as an organization outside the law, became an organization that transcended the
law, and ended up as an organization that undid the law.” (44)
That warning underscores the opening Chapter 1 and is
reinforced by other examples as the book progresses.
“Do not obey in advance.” Many of the horrors of totalitarian regimes were not
contemplated by the rulers at the top, but were invented by followers far below
who anticipated orders they never actually received. Snyder cites the Nazis,
but it applies to the Chinese Cultural Revolution of the 1960s. And it explains the violence of
self-defined “patriots” who attack American Sikhs, thinking them to be Muslims,
in effect carrying out what they imagine to be their leader’s command to rid
the nation of undesirable foreigners.
Chapter 9: Be kind to our language
“Avoid pronouncing the phrases everyone else does. Think up
your own way of speaking, even if only to convey that thing you think everyone
is saying. Make an effort to separate yourself from the internet. Read books.”
(59)
Snyder warns against the domination of the screen with
allusions to
Fahrenheit 451 and
1984.
Those are the best known, of course, but
Brave New World (1932) had its “feelies”
movie theaters wherein by holding a device you could feel what the actors
touch.
“The choice to be in public depends on the ability to maintain
a private sphere of life. We are free only when it is we ourselves who draw the
line between when we are seen and when we are not seen.” (86) (That closes the chapter and segues to …)
“So try for your self to write a proper article, involving
work in the real world: traveling, interviewing, maintaining relationships with
sources, researching in written records, verifying everything, writing and
revising drafts, all on a tight and unforgiving schedule. If you find you like
doing this, keep a blog. In the mean time, give credit to those who do all of
that for a living.” (76)
“We find it natural that we pay for a plumber or a mechanic,
but we want our news for free. If we did not pay for plumbing or auto repair,
we would not expect to drink water or drive cars. Why then should we form our
political judgment on the basis of zero investment? We get what we pay for.” (77)
Chapter 14. Establish a private life.
“Have personal exchanges in person.” (87)
About the liberals and the politics of inevitability:
“Yet they portray the present simply as a step toward a
future that we already know, one of expanding globalization, deepening reason,
and growing prosperity. This is what is called teleology: a narration of time
that leads toward a certain, usually desirable, goal. Communism also offered a
teleology, promising an inevitable socialist utopia. When that story was
shattered a quarter century ago, we drew the wrong conclusion: Rather than rejecting
teleologies, we imagined that our own story was true.” (119)
About the conservatives and the politics of eternity:
“It is concerned with the past, but in a self-absorbed way,
free of any real concern with facts.
Its mood is a longing for past moments
that never really happened during epochs that were, in fact, disastrous.
Eternity politicians bring us the past as a vast misty courtyard of illegible
monuments to national victimhood, all of them equally distant from the present,
all of them equally accessible for manipulation. Every reference to the past
seems to involve an attack by some external enemy upon the purity of the
nation.” (121)
I could go on at extreme length, quoting Snyder and
recording my reflections. This is
a book to carry around and read when you have a moment. More to the point, it is a book to discuss with your friends.
PREVIOUSLY ON NECESSARY FACTS
Capitalism is built on selfishness, but not every whim that pops into your head is in your self-interest. If you do not examine your philosophical premises, you can commit to grave habits without thinking. That lack of thinking - not any particular error in logic - is the root of all evil. 
