Virtually devoid of
natural resources, the wealth of Tibet stemmed from providing
hospitality to pilgrims and other travelers.
Tibetan tangkas were
minted from 1792 to 1948. They exhibit a wide array of varieties and yet
maintain a consistent fabric and type. Generally, they are thinner than modern coins, and about 2.5 cm (1 inch) in diameter. Early examples were hammered. Later coins were struck by machines. The tangkas that make their way to the
Western collector usually were minted between 1900 and 1924. The commonest of
these can be had today for $5 or $10, though some rarer varieties fetch $100 or
more. A few are so rare that the catalogs give no price for them.
Craig 13. 1890 AD. Year 15-24 Giamda Mint Obverse. 4.37 grams. billon. |
The first Tibetan tangkas
were struck in 1772. They followed the Nepalese fabric and type with minor
differences to assert their local origins. The kingdom of Nepal
briefly reclaimed their prerogatives, but their debased coins were extremely
unpopular. China sent help
to Tibet in its war against Nepal ; and the
Chinese stayed on afterwards. The sho is
a coin that was issued with Chinese and Tibetan legends from 1792 to 1820. In
fact, like the tangka, the sho is very close in style and weight to the
Nepalese mohur, itself a local variety of the Indian rupee.
At first, the Tibetan
tangkas remained nearly invariable for several decades. Cataloguer Eduard Kann
identified five different types based on details of design, but all bear the
same date, regardless of when they were actually struck. (This is called a
“frozen date” in numismatics.) Colin Bruce II told me that while editing the Krause Standard Catalog of World Coins he
devoted a lot of energy to Tibet .
He cited two Kong-par tangkas that are dated 13-46 and 13-47 (1792 and 1793 AD)
and which were struck into the 1820s and 1860s.
The Kong-par tangka preserved a very old fabric and some issues have the
“Lansa” (or “Lant-sha”) holy script which has yet to be deciphered as it is
written on coins.
K&M Y-3.1 Tapchi Mint. 1946-1948. For presentation to monks. Reverse. 3.63 grams. silver. |
The Ga-den tangka dates
from about 1850 and it is the one you are mostly likely to find, especially
from its later years. Thirteen major varieties have been catalogued. In all,
there are at least 37 known minor varieties, but possibly 50 or more that could
be noted.
Six mints have issued tangkas in volume: Dodpal; Giamda; Dode; the Tip Arsenal; Ser-Khang; and Tapchi. (One issue from the Lhasa Mint is known, from 1792, and it is listed as rare.) Differences in type and fabric are minor and there are no mintmarks.
The obverse shows eight lucky symbols from the lore of Lhasa
Buddhism:
- umbrella of sovereignty
- two golden fish of good fortune
- amphora of ambrosia
- lotus
- conch shell
- emblem of endless rebirth
- banner of victory
- wheel of empire
These are usually arrayed
around a central lotus. Their actual order and specific designs vary over time.
Many differences are recognized as varieties by different cataloguers.
The two sides
of the coin have the same orientation. To read the reverse, rotate the coin
about its vertical axis. Starting from the top, the reverse says: RNAM RGYA-LA
DGAH LDAN PHO BRANG PHYOGS LAS. Literally, this means: “In the Cycle, Rebirth Palace direction from.” Or, as Eduard
Kann rendered it: “In the year (year)
from the Palace
of Celestial Beatitude .”
The legend is written in such a way as to fit into eight circles. These are
actually derived from an earlier style in which the characters were inside
lotus petals.
In 1949,
China again invaded Tibet . In 1958 the communist Cultural Revolution closed temples, outlawed Buddhism and executed monks. Today, the Dalai Lama is in
exile. However, totalitarianism is a wholly urban phenomenon and Tibet is hardly
an urban society. The Nepalese and various Chinese warlords have often
impressed themselves on the town of Lhasa
and its environs. The British staged a bloody but pointless foray in 1904.
Though China has modernized
parts of Tibet , even today,
in a climate as cold as the Hebrides and as dry as the Sahara ,
the men sleep outdoors under animal skins, giving the tents to the women and
children. Conquerors come and go.
(This was based on an
article that I wrote for Coin News,
Devon, UK, January 1996. An abbreviated version was posted for several years on the Coin Newbies website.)
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