Wednesday, March 29, 2023

The Little Black Bag: Medical Care as a Faustian Bargain

“Every doctor tells me something different,” I said.

The doctor replied, “That’s why we call them opinions.”


We benefited from a daylong conference about multiple myeloma hosted by the HealthTree Foundation of Lehi, Utah, and held at the Thompson Conference Center on the UT Austin  campus. Four oncologists presented guidelines, recommendations, and recent findings in both morning and afternoon sessions. At lunch, two of them joined us at our table. Overall, I am looking forward to a longer timeline in a better situational context. Most encouraging was that my new goal of ten years will likely include alternative options and improved treatments. In fact, for the oncologist one of the challenges is the long list of approved drugs already available. For the patient, each one comes with an array of annoying or debilitating side effects from diarrhea to blindness and coronary arrest. That being as it may, the conference started out with a strong positive statement about the ongoing research: “It is a story of hope.”

 

It is also important to consider whatever else might ail you. “Try to avoid the chronic health issues of a fulltime patient” such as diabetes and high blood pressure. That speaks to the sociology of oncology. Treatments are not so readily available for those lacking social capital. Of the fifty or so attendees, every one looked like us: middle class people with health insurance. Nonetheless, I am in a support group that meets (virtually) once a month and of the ten or twelve of us, we have ten or twelve different stories. My catchphrase is: “Predictions are statistical; outcomes are individual.”

 

When the Plague struck, I mixed every concoction I could think of and half of my patients died by my hand and the ones who survived called me their savior. -- Faust

 

Hier war die Arzeney, die Patienten starben,

Und niemand fragte: wer genas?

So haben wir, mit höllischen Latwergen,

In diesen Thälern, diesen Bergen,

Weit schlimmer als die Pest getobt.

Ich habe selbst den Gift an Tausende gegeben,

Sie welkten hin, ich muß erleben

Daß man die frechen Mörder lobt.

Faust, Erster Teil, Vor dem Thor.

 

This was our medicine; the patients died,

“Who were restored?” none cared to ask.

With our infernal mixture thus, ere long,

These hills and peaceful vales among,

We rag'd more fiercely than the pest;

Myself the deadly poison did to thousands give;

They pined away, I yet must live,

To hear the reckless murderers blest.

Faust, Part I. Before the City Gate.

Translated by Bayard Taylor 

 

Having moved 25 km south of Austin, I decided to find a cardiologist closer to home. The first one spent so little time with me–not 120 full seconds—that when I got down to my car, I stopped, turned around and went back in to insist on a consultation. I asked specifically about the side effects of oncology treatments and he was surprised. So, he set an appointment with another specialist. 

 

I told that specialist that I have no knowledge of my own anatomy. Speaking to each other at the same time, I asked if I have a mitral valve prolapse—“Do you have a mitral valve prolapse?”—or a bicuspid aorta—“Do you have a bicuspid aorta?”—and how does the murmur sound—“Do you have a murmer?” He stopped. “You are asking me while I am asking you.” 

Yes. I had an echo cardiogram the other day. Everyone listens to my heart. What can you tell me? 

“We will know more when you have a CT scan.”

 

On the way home, I remembered “The Little Black Bag” by Cyril M. Kornbluth. 

 

I forget things and that concerns me. So, I scheduled an Alzheimer’s assessment with a neurologist. I passed. She said that I have only (mild) age-related cognitive impairment. “It’s normal,” she said. “I don’t believe that it is normal,” I replied. “People like you never do,” she said. 

 

PREVIOUSLY ON NECESSARY FACTS

How Do You Make God Laugh? 

Welcome to the Future 

Bob Swanson and Genentech 

Misconduct in Science and Research 

Friday, March 17, 2023

What Color is the Orion Nebula?

On the Cloudy Nights discussion board, the question of the nominally “true” color of Messier 42 as well as many other nebulae and stars has been tossed up for discussion. One frequent contributor to the board insisted that he could see pink in the Orion Nebula and, moreover, that anyone who could not suffered from defective vision. Another stalwart relied on standards that he derived from measurements made during daylight photography of other objects and from those defended his interpretive photographic processing. These are examples of confirmation bias: the operator is first pleased by an image and then finds objective reasons supporting the choice. 

At the same time, chatrooms across the internet, apparently starting at Reddit and soon including Gizmodo and Ars Technica, were abuzz about Samsung’s claim that its artificial intelligence learning algorithm enhanced a photograph of the Moon taken with a Galaxy S21 Ultra. In fact, the software recognized the object as the Moon and added details from other images. This was not an isolated example of artificial enhancement. 

When photography became available for astronomy, subjective experience was supposed to have been removed. Perhaps the best case was the Orion Nebula, first photographed by Henry Draper and Mary Ann Palmer Draper on 30 September 1880. (See “The Drapers’ First Photograph of Messier 42” here: https://aas.org/posts/news/2022/10/month-astronomical-history-september-2022 By that time, the Orion Nebula had been rendered in drawings for almost 200 years. One consequence of all the attention was that the representations tended to converge to a common understanding: they started to look alike. Now they do not.

 

https://phys.org/news/2013-03-astrophoto-beautiful-orion-nebula.html


To me, the most important fact is that astronomers explore and record Messier 42 and the rest of the universe in different wavelengths and we can only reproduce the very narrow visible band: x-rays, ultraviolet, infrared, and radio waves must be transduced into some false color presentation. The 3500 stars otherwise hidden by the dust and gas in the Orion Nebula were only revealed with infrared imaging. (See The Orion Nebula: Where Stars are Born by C. Robert O’Dell, Harvard University Press, 2003.) The nebula itself is a complex space of emissions and reflections. Therefore, many valid transductions are possible.

 

A more informative discussion would start with which species is doing the viewing. 

“In comparison, butterflies and mantis shrimp have a dozen classes
[of sensory cells] to cover a broader range of the spectrum
(from deep ultraviolet to far red light), which gives them hyperspectral vision.” 


Geographers call it "ground truth." When you have a photograph that shows yellow, is that reflection, subtraction, filtering, or emission? You do not know until you go there for yourself. I completed my master's degree in 2010 with two classes in geographic information systems. One of our projects was to present our university stadium. Our school colors were green and white. The concrete was painted green. So were the wooden seats. The field was artificial turf, also green. Surrounding the field were real living green plants, from grass and shrubs to trees. The assignment was to sort out the wavelengths of imaging and deliver an informative presentation.

 

PREVIOUSLY ON NECESSARY FACTS

Why Evidence is not Enough 

Galileo and Saturn: Epistemology not Optics 

Visualizing Complex Data 

Knowledge Maps

 

 

Friday, March 3, 2023

Fake Americans

As a contractor in information technology, I usually work for placement and consulting firms. It is easier for me to be a W-2 employee though for my most recent project I was direct on a 1099. Very many placement firms headquartered in India have US addresses and through VOIP and other tools their recruiters have US phone numbers. I accept it all as a benefit of our global marketplace. Moreover, working in sales myself, I have been encouraged to take a less ethnic name for working on the phone, being "Michael Martin" as needed. So, I understand: If your name is Ramakrishna Suryadevara, you can be Kris Devara or Randy Devara or whaever. But there's a limit.


It was not that he called himself "Paul Miller" but that he flew the flag.
Many people are surprised to learn that non-citizens can serve in the American military. We are a nation of immigrants. Military service is one way to prove that you deserve to be a citizen. I had uncles born on the other side of the ocean who served in World War II (in our army, of course). We had a family narrative from the distaff side about a friend who voted illegally and when arrested showed his battle scars (from World War I) to the judge insisting that they gave him the right to vote. Somehow the authorities cleared up the paperwork for him. Anyway, people who serve in the military pick up American slang and drop many of their foreign habits. In fact, that story is the narrative behind the "Go for Broke" stamps of the US Postal Service that celebrate ethnic Japanese who fought in the American armed forces during World War II. It so happened that the Hawaiians did not understand that their buddies from the mainland had come from concentration camps ("relocation centers") until they were given a tour. There's a lot of lessons out there.

PREVIOUSLY ON NECESSARY FACTS

Tuesday, February 14, 2023

Mutiny Aboard the San Antonio

On 14 February 1842, some time before midnight, Lt. Charles Fuller, officer on deck of the Texas Navy schooner San Antonio, met a mob of sailors with marines in the front, all wanting to go ashore. Fuller ordered the marines to arms to take control of the mob. Instead, Marine Sgt. Oswald Seymour attacked Dearborn with a tomahawk. Marine Pvt. Benjamin Pompilly shot Lt. Fuller. Rushing to their aid, Midshipman William Henry Allen was shot in the foot. Midshipman T. H. Odell was shot in the thigh. Marine Pvt. Antonio Landois bayoneted Fuller. At that point Boatswain Frederick Shepherd intervened, shoving Landois. The wounded officers were dragged below deck. As Lt. Fuller lay dying on deck, the passing mutineers clubbed and stabbed him. The mutineers then took two boats and made for shore. New Orleans city police and United States Marines quickly rounded up the runaways.

 

At 12:20 PM on 26 April 1843, aboard the Texian Navy flagship Austin, four men were hanged for their mutiny on the night of 14 February 1842, while their ship, the TN San Antonio was in port anchored off Slaughterhouse Point, New Orleans. Much about the events was then and remains now questionable. Commodore Edwin Moore published his own history of the Texian navy, in part to answer accusations that he acted without authority when he ordered the court martial and then the executions aboard his ship. Histories of the mutiny aboard the San Antonio written either then or now do not refer to a similar incident aboard the US Navy Brig-of-War Somers, when the captain of the ship, Commander Alexander Slidell Mackenzie ordered the execution by hanging of an officer and two sailors on the charge of mutiny on 1 December 1842.

 

Although four men—Antonio Landois, William Simpson, Isaac Allen, and James Hudgans*—were hanged aboard the TN Austin, they were not the only mutineers. Marine Sergeant Seymour Oswald had escaped from prison in New Orleans and was never recaptured. Marine Corporal Benjamin Pompilly died in prison, supposedly giving a death-bed confession and an account of the attack on the officers. Seaman Thomas Rowan, whom Lt. Seeger had delivered to Commodore Moore aboard the Austin on 10 March 1842, a month after the mutiny in what must have been a Captain’s Mast hearing and not a court-martial for mutiny, was given 100 lashes. Boatswain Frederick Shepherd was found not guilty. Seaman John Williams was given 50 lashes as was the cook Edward Keenan. Seaman William Barrington may have received 100 lashes or probably only 50 based other published recollections.

*Variously spelled Huggins and Hudgins. Many of them were illiterate and signed their names with a mark or X.

 

April 26th 1843

P.M.

Still Beating for Telchae. At 11.30 Laid the Fore Top Sail to the mast & Hoisted the Colours. At 11.45 Called all hands to execute sentence of Court Martial when they were addressed by Comdre Moore on the Subject of Mutiny. At 12 the prisoners were carried Forward & placed upon the Scaffold[.] After addressing the Crew the Ropes were placed around their necks. Until this time they appeared to believe they would be pardoned & did not evince much fear but now the truth flashed upon them & they knew they had to pay the Penalty of their crimes & commenced praying eagerly & piteously for Pardon[.] At 12.20 the Signal Gun was Fired & the four Prisoners run up to the Fore Yard.

Lat at Meridian 23º31’03” N

The Journal of Alfred Walke, April 16-27, 1843.

https://www.tsl.texas.gov/exhibits/navy/al_walke_apr16-27_1843_3.html 


I first learned about the Texian navy when I saw pay warrants for sale in a dealer’s showcase at a coin show in Austin in the late winter of 2018. I had seen the more common and well-documented so-called “Red Back” notes of the Republic of Texas. The navy scrip was different from them and I bought the one on display and asked the dealer to have it certified. As that was in process, he found another and I bought that as well. At that time I was serving in the Maritime Regiment of the Texas State Guard where I was assigned as a technical specialist in future operations to the Texas National Guard. I donated both of them to the Brigadier General John C. L. Scribner Texas Military Forces Museum at Camp Mabry



I believe that the pay warrants provide evidence about the mutiny that has not been published elsewhere. I found corroborating evidence in the archives of the Texian navy at the Texas State Library and Archives Commission in Austin. 

 

Historians Jim Day Hill, Tom Henderson Wells, and Jonathan W. Jordan all make Marine Sergeant Seymour Oswald the ringleader. Indeed, surviving records agree that he was at the front of the gang when they cut down the officer of the watch. However, also among the mutineers was William Simpson who was one of the four hanged for their crimes. It is interesting that Simpson’s endorsement appears on the warrants originally issued to three other men (not mutineers). Simpson then signed over all four notes to Galveston store owner, Christopher Fox. 

Roster of Texian Navy Marines
As a boatswain’s mate, Simpson was a frontline supervisor and trainer. Social psychology and group dynamics suggest that Simpson may have been the instigator and ringleader. Even though the historians agree that Simpson was a Marine corporal at the time of his execution, his endorsements on the warrants all say “Boatswain’s Mate” and he does not appear in the muster book of Marines. Two fires that destroyed Republic archives leave many unanswered questions.

 

Pay Warrant issued to
William Simpson, Boatswain's Mate

One question that every author asks, some with more imagination than others, is why was discipline lost? Most authors assume that the men were drunk. Where did the men get the whiskey? Some authors follow each other in claiming that rogue merchants in small boats traded among the sailing ships. In point of fact, the Texian Navy floated on a sea of whiskey. I found seven receipts between 14 May 1841 and 6 December 1841, totaling 2527 gallons of whiskey. 

 

And then there was this for 10 February 1842 at New Orleans for another short barrel of 37-1/2 gallons "for immediate use." The full truth is that unlike this receipt, the whiskey usually was among other purchases for beans, rice, bread, butter, lard, beef, pork, molasses, vinegar, and fresh food as well. Even so, hardly any stores were brought aboard without whiskey.

 

It is axiomatic that historians rely on primary documents. Those sources are not always accurate. At the University of Texas Briscoe Center I found the Adams-Gilmore Family Papers. Many of the sheets were typewriter written, apparently from older handwritten diaries. One entry detailed a patriotic celebration at the first anniversary of Texas Independence. It said that Sam Houston nailed a $20 gold coin to a flag pole for any man who could climb to the top and place the Texas flag. No such coin existed at that time. The first US $20 Double Eagle was struck in quantity in 1850. 

 

Sources

[1.] “Pay Warrants of the Texas Navy,” Michael E. Marotta, The Numismatist, November 2020. 

[2.] “Pay Warrants of the Texian Navy,” Michael E. Marotta, ANA eLearning Academy, 4 August 2020. 

[3.] “Pay Warrants of the Texian Navy,” Michael E. Marotta, TNA News, September 2019.

[4.] Mabry Museum Receives Texian Navy Scrip, Texas Navy Association, Invincible Newsletter, July 2019.

[5.] “Texas” Whitman Encyclopedia of Obsolete Paper Money, Volume 7. [Michael E. Marotta, editor].

 

  • Bevill, James P. The Paper Republic: The Struggle for Money, Credit and Independence in the Republic of Texas. Houston: Bright Sky Press, 2009.
  • Eller, E. M. The Texas Navy. U.S. Navy Department. Naval History Division. January 1, 1968. (TMF Museum online archives at http://www.texasmilitaryforcesmuseum.org/articles/texasnavy/texasnavy.htm and online at University of North Texas archives https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth2419/)
  • Fischer, Ernest G. Robert Potter: Founder of the Texas Navy. Gretna, Louisiana: Pelican Publishing, 1976.
  • Gouge, William M. The Fiscal History of Texas Embracing an Account of its Revenues, Debts, and Currency from the Commencement of the Revolution in 1814 to 1851-52 with Remarks on American Debt. Philadelphia,1852; reprinted  New York, Burt Franklin, 1969.
  • Hill. Jim Dan. The Texas Navy in Forgotten Battles and Shirtsleeve Diplomacy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1937.
  • Jones, Anson. Memoranda and Official Correspondence Relating to the Republic of Texas Its History and Annexation 1836 to 1846. Chicago: The Rio Grande Press, Inc., 1966.
  • Jordan, Jonathan W. Lone Star Navy: Texas, the Fight for the Gulf of Mexico, and the Shaping of the American West. Washington, D. C.: Potomac Books, Inc., 2006.
  • Medlar, Bob. Texas Obsolete Notes and Scrip. Society of Paper Money Collectors. San Antonio: R. A. Glasscock, 1969/
  • Olson, Joseph D. Texas Currency: A Catalog 1813-1868. San Antonio: Corporate Image; Waco: James D. Olson, 2006.
  • Siegel, Stanley. A Political History of the Texas Republic 1836-1845. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1956.
  • Wells, Tom Henderson. Commodore Moore and the Texas Navy. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1960.

 

Websites

  • Handbook of Texas Online, Joseph Milton Nance, “REPUBLIC OF TEXAS,” accessed December 29, 2018, http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/mzr02.
  • Handbook of Texas Online, James M. Daniel, “TEXAS NAVY,” accessed December 29, 2018, http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/qjt02.
  • Handbook of Texas Online, Marie Giles, “MOORE, EDWIN WARD,” accessed December 29, 2018, http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fmo24.
  • The Texas navy: Fortune Favors the Brave. “THE YUCATAN ALLIANCE,” accessed January 18, 2019, https://www.tsl.texas.gov/exhibits/navy/alliance.html
  • Texas Navy Association https://texasnavy.org/Resources/Documents/Historical/General/Texas_Navy_Bibliography.pdf
  • Wikipedia, The First Texas Navy. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Texas_Navy

Museums and Libraries

  • Brigadier General John C. L. Scribner Texas Military Forces Museum, Camp Mabry, 3038 West 35th Street, Austin, Texas 78703, P.O Box 5218, Austin, Texas 78763. 
  • Dolph Briscoe Center for American History, University of Texas at Austin, 2300 Red River St, Austin, Texas 78712
  • Texas State Library and Archives Commission, 1201 Brazos Street, P.O. Box 12927, Austin, Texas 78711

PREVIOUSLY ON NECESSARY FACTS

 

The Texas Navy 

The Somers Mutiny 

A Few Good Men: a Few Deep Flaws 

JAG: Ten Seasons of Military Bearing 

Texans Serving Texas 

 

Tuesday, February 7, 2023

Publications in Historical Astronomy

I joined the American Astronomical Society in order to apply for an opportunity to volunteer as an assistant editor for the Historical Astronomy Division’s web page, “This Month in Astronomical History.”  

https://aas.org/posts/news/2020/07/month-astronomical-history-june-2020

My responsibilities are mostly to proofread short (750 to 1500-word) submissions from professionals. The topics generally celebrate some notable date, typically birth and death dates of astronomers, as well as other memorable events. The contributing authors are usually college professors. Some are graduate and post-graduate students in university astronomy programs. A few are amateur affiliates, which is my own status within the AAS. 

https://aas.org/posts/news/2020/10/month-astronomical-history-october-2020

My editors have assigned topics to me. Also, my duties include finding authors, and when I cannot do that, I write the missing calendar entry. In every case, the work is passed upward to other editors, including an AAS publications committee. I always learn a lot, whether from reviewing the works of others or from the improvements made to my work.

https://aas.org/posts/news/2021/04/month-astronomical-history-march-2021

https://aas.org/posts/news/2022/02/month-astronomical-history-march-2022

https://aas.org/posts/news/2022/06/month-astronomical-history-june-2022

https://aas.org/posts/news/2022/08/month-astronomical-history-august-2022
https://aas.org/posts/news/2022/10/month-astronomical-history-september-2022

 

Most people do not know that researchers pay to have their works published. Our common understanding is that your good research findings are submitted to a professional publication which then submits them to other researchers for peer review. That is true. However, just being accepted as worthy is not enough. Therefore, university department budgets include money for subsidized publications, just as they pay for travel to conferences or research sites. That does not apply to the Historical Astronomy Division: we do not charge for publication; however, our platform is entirely electronic, not print; so our costs are minimal. 

https://aas.org/posts/news/2022/12/month-astronomical-history-december-2022

https://aas.org/posts/news/2023/01/month-astronomical-history-january-2023


Also not widely known, even among the literati, is that for the American Astronomical Society if you have a doctorate in astronomy or astrophysics and all you do is teach at university, you cannot (usually) be a full voting member: you are (only) an Educator Affiliate, more akin to an Amateur Affiliate or Alumni Affiliate. Full voting members are primary investigators, the ones who submit grant proposals and hire post-doctorate researchers, doctoral candidates, and other students.

 

PREVIOUSLY IN NECESSARY FACTS

 

Of Watches and Beaches and Atheists 

Cosmos: A Spacetime Travesty 

Sociology is a Science 

Is Physics a Science? 


Tuesday, January 24, 2023

Familiar Sites, Familiar Sights

Three constellations on the ecliptic actually look almost like what they are supposed to be: Leo, Scorpius, and Taurus. Those probably go back to 5000 BCE if not earlier. By 1200 BCE, other constellations had been mapped by civilizations in Mesopotamia, Egypt, and China.  

22 January 2023 05:30 AM CST

The Romans were obsessive about order. Conforming with 12 inches to the foot, and 12 ounces to the pound, and 12 gods of Olympus, they created 12 zodiac constellations. The Claws of Scorpius became Libra.

Corvus 4 May 2021 23:00 to 23:20 Hours

Corvus 6 May 2022 22:12 Hours CDT

Scorpius 14 July 2015 22:43 to 22:48 CDT


Zuben Elgenubi 01 Feb 2021 05:35 to 06:00 CST


Xi Scorpii 19 June 2022 23:30 CDT

Xi Scorpii 19 June 2022 23:30 CDT

In The Odyssey, the hero is told to steer his raft by the Bear who looks at Orion. The Bear, Calypso says, is also known to others as the Wagon.


PREVIOUSLY ON NECESSARY FACTS

 

The Andromeda Galaxy 

Binary Star Project 

Two Deep-Sky Targets 

Neutron-Irradiated Dimes 


Monday, January 23, 2023

The Morning Sky

Stepping outside with the cat after her breakfast, I stopped to take in the sky. I felt comfort from the familiar sight and regret for not being involved with it. Astronomy is more affective than microscopy. 

In neither am I truly discovering anything. In both, I only see what others have said is there:  stars in a cluster; cells in a tissue. If not for the books (and websites) I would have little, if any, understanding of what I am looking at, though biology does allow more opportunity for informed inference. The walls of cells are visibly tractable while (with my instruments) the strata of stars are not.


On the left (south) Scorpius with Claws Zuben el Eshmali
and Zuben el Genubi. To the right (west) Corvus.
Xi Scorpii here and Corvus here.

The telescopes remain all packed away. Yesterday, I put the microscopes and slides back into storage. 

 

I expected to view the present conjunction of Saturn and Venus, and I watched the approach as of last week, but I put it off. I went out last night and saw only Venus. Checking the charts, I understood that a telescope would have provided the view I sought. 

 

PREVIOULSY ON NECESSARY FACTS

ELI the ICEman: Science and Technology 

Epigenetics 

Fantastic Voyages: Teaching Science with Science Fiction

The Madam Curie Complex 

Sunday, January 15, 2023

Microscopy (again)

Ahead of a medical procedure, I was cautioned that I will not be doing any bending and lifting for a couple of months or more. So, I packed away all of my telescopes and sealed the boxes until spring. Mars will be just past the meridian at 9:00 PM Central Time on March 15. In the meantime, I set up the dining table again for microscopy.


In numismatics we say, "If you don't know your coins, know your dealer." That applies in many areas. Reading in discussion groups online for amateur microscopy, several people raved  about the great deals they found on Goodwill dot com and I did buy two microscopes there. Nice enough as they were for the price, they were not great deals and from that point forward, I gathered bookmarks to websites for microscope retailers and name brands for scientific supplies. 



The Cloudy Nights discussion board for amateur astronomers has a forum for this, "Cloudy Days: Microscopes" here https://www.cloudynights.com/forum/104-cloudy-days-microscopes/  I also visit the Microbe Hunter discussion board here https://www.microbehunter.com/microscopy-forum/. That board is the work of Oliver Kim whose main board is Microbe Hunter: https://www.microbehunter.com He has been doing this for several years, has very many very helpful videos on YouTube, and sells by pass-through clicks on Amazon. Also on YouTube, I found Journey to the Microcosmos, which provides a lot of entertaining videos about very small things seen very large. 


Other hobbyists  online have recommended other resources such as Quekett, a UK group with international membership. Interesting as they all are, I have not joined anything new yet. (I just filed an article about the Huygens probe to Titan with the History of Astronomy Division of the American Astronomical Society. And I still have a day job.) 

PREVIOUSLY ON NECESSARY FACTS

 

A New Microscope

Microscopy 

Biohackers 

Biobash: Chamber Replicates Success 

Disruptive Diagnostics and the Business of Science

Friday, December 23, 2022

The Courage of Your Convictions

It is really easier to say nothing. You are under no obligation to say anything. If you must voice an opinion against some nonsense, it is enough to say that you disagree and leave it at that. Moreover, a postmodernist or someone similar will tell you that right and wrong are only cultural constructs. Of course that assertion itself is a cultural construct. And even a scientist will remind you that our ideas about truth have changed as new facts have been discovered and new theories developed to explain them. It was not always so. There was a time when a scientist would truly go to the ends of the Earth to prove a theory. 



Today, scientists are not alone in accepting a false theory of induction which asserts that we can only approach but never know the truth. 

From Susan M. Lea and John Robert Burke, Physics: the Nature of Things (Thomson Brooks/Cole; 1997). 

“Physics is an experimental science that prides itself in getting close to reality through laboratory testing of theory. … How can we be certain that the experimental process of dissecting nature into component part is ultimately correct? We can’t! Belief in experimental science depends on one’s worldview.” -- page 12.

 

“Consistency with experiment and usefulness in understanding nature are the properties of a good physical theory. The word truth is conspicuously absent. Aristotle… Kepler and Galileo… Newtonian physics, [were] thought absolutely true for 250 years. In the twentieth century, we have learned that Newtonian physics is not exact but stands as an excellent approximation. Absolute truth is elusive. We continue to seek greater depth in our understanding, greater elegance in our theories, and greater precision in our experiments. Whether truth can be achieved in some approximate sense by this process is unanswerable. We believe in physics because we know we can organize our knowledge and employ it to describe the behavior of nature with greater accuracy using only a small number of fundamental ideas.” -- page 14


Not all scientists are timid.


“As a scientist, Sagan speculated freely, sometimes wildly, and outraged his more cautious colleagues. ... He anticipated some interesting scientific discoveries, although sometimes (and oddly) for the wrong reasons. ... The price of fame is a big head, and Sagan’s grew mighty big; eyewitness testimony to this effect abounds.... Most scientists, by contrast, are rarely so self-assured. To them, Truth is a like a blob of mercury—it’s hard to pin down. Sagan’s air of omniscience made him seem sometimes slightly inhuman, more like Mr. Spock than Mr. Wizard.” ) Carl Sagan: A Life by Keay Davison, John Wiley & Sons, 1999, pages xiii- xiv passim.

 

When the American Astronomical Society sought to present Margaret Burbidge with the Annie Jump Cannon Award in May 1971, she rejected their offer.  

[quote] In a letter to AAS secretary Laurence Frederick, Burbidge wrote, “I believe that it is high time that discrimination in favor of, as well as against women in professional life be removed, and a prize restricted to women is in this category.” Underlying that official statement was the suspicion that the Cannon Award had kept women from receiving other recognition. In conclusion, Burbidge wrote, “It would be interesting to know, however, how often our names have been excluded from consideration for professorships, directorships . . . because we are women.” 
At that time, AAS offered two other awards—the Henry Norris Russell Lectureship, which honored an astronomer’s long and distinguished career, and the Helen B. Warner Prize, for astronomers no more than 35 years old. No woman had received the Russell. Burbidge was the only woman to have won the Warner Prize, in 1959, and she had shared it with her husband Geoffrey for their work on stellar nucleosynthesis.
From Physics Today 27 Feb 2018 in People & History: The award rejection that shook astronomy by Roberta Humphreys at https://physicstoday.scitation.org/do/10.1063/pt.6.4.20180227a/full/

Interviewed by Joe Rogan (YouTube here) Neil deGrasse Tyson said that while the dictionary definition of “atheist” applies to him, the functional definition does not. Functionally, he said, an atheist is someone who feels compelled to argue with religious people. He also said that he often uses the word “God” in the vernacular sense, as when he wished an astronaut friend, Godspeed, echoing “Godspeed, John Glenn.” 

 

On the other hand, Richard Dawkins advocates for militant atheism. Granting that religious people can be good, he refuses to relinquish the epistemological high ground. Not only does God not exist, as good as many people seem to be, only religion specifically allows and encourages them to be bad. Arguing against that proposition some people point to the atheists of communist governments—the USSR, Cambodia, and China--who carried out atrocities against people holding religious beliefs. However, despite claims to “scientific socialism” political Marxism-Leninism is really another religion: it has books of sole truth, a priesthood, and intense internal battles over dogma, none of which can be empirically verified. Whatever failings that scientists have as individuals—to err is human—they do not bomb each other’s classrooms and cafes. 


It is not a lack of standards or a want of values. Right and wrong exist and we can know them. Only physical force is forbidden. As the US Supreme Court ruled on the legality of polygamy in Utah (Reynolds vs. the United States 18 US 145; 1879):You are free to believe whatever you want; you are not free to do whatever you want. Personally, I believe that SCOTUS was in error on the wider issue. As long as no one was coerced, they were all free to do whatever they wanted. The fundamental truth remains, however: The strength and resiliency of an open society is a consequence of the interactions—even acrimonious debate—among people advancing their own ideas.

 

It is infamously known in astronomy that Cecilia Payne changed her doctoral dissertation to agree with the (widely accepted) theory of her advisor Harlow Shapley and astronomers generally that the elements are distributed in the stars very much as they are on and within the Earth. Payne found that hydrogen is a million times more abundant in the stars. Similarly, 80 years later, confronted with doubts from the highest authorities, Bruce Campbell and Gordon Walker retracted their claim to have found the first evidence of an exoplanet. Nonetheless, it remains foundational to the scientific method that you have to know when you were wrong. How you know is as much a matter of introspection as it is of epistemology. 

 

PREVIOUSLY ON NECESSARY FACTS

 

Karl Popper and His Enemies 

Karl Marx and the Dustbin of History 

The Scientific Method 

The Scientific Method (Revisited)