Showing posts with label space exploration. Show all posts
Showing posts with label space exploration. Show all posts

Sunday, January 23, 2022

Massive Constellations of Artificial Satellites: What if they were natural?

Many of my colleagues in astronomy, both professional and amateur, are vocal in their opposition to Starlink, the SpaceX project that is placing thousands of satellites in orbit. They complain that imaging and other data gathering has been harmed or ruined by the tracks of these devices.  

What if Earth had a ring and these tracks were a consequence of our natural situation? Would the astronomers curse the ring and demand its destruction?

 

They want it stopped. They want the UN to do something. They vilify Elon Musk. They call the satellites junk and pollution. This is not merely a matter of a difficult technical problem like the construction of the Panama Canal or going to the Moon. It is an emotionally motivated attack on material progress, capitalism, and one audacious entrepreneur. 

 

If no one wanted these things, they would not be launched. The project cost is estimated at $30 billion (Reuters here.) It could fail, ultimately. Enterprise entails is risk. In fact, absent risk, there would be no enterprise. (Against the Gods: the Remarkable Story of Risk by Peter L. Bernstein reviewed here.) However, the basic fact of a perceived market still exists. 

 

One of my first university classes in sociology studied the workplace in America. The professor was a nice enough guy but accepted the usual complaint that corporations advertise to motivate to buy and do things that we do not really want. I understand. I certainly was never motivated to buy and drink Mountain Dew though millions of people have been. So, I went out online and found some easy examples of famously failed products. When vitamin-enhanced bottled water was first introduced, it failed, and was mocked in the advertising trade magazines. Starlink could fail. 


But it is not the first communication satellite. That honor goes to OSCAR-1 launched for the Amateur Radio Relay League six months before AT&T’s Telstar. So, these satellites have been “polluting” astronomical images for sixty years. No one seemed to care.

 

I believe that the detractors of progress are privileged and satisfied, enjoying their own comforts, and now wanting to deny those benefits to others. Back in the 1960s, one mock on British Labour was “Sod you, Jack. I’ve got mine.” Ludwig von Mises sketched out well the anti-capitalist mentality (Mises Institute here) as being motivated by envy and jealousy.

 

What if Earth had a natural ring? Other planets do. The four giants, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune have rings. Smaller planets do, also. The minor planet of Chariklo, Centaur 2006 Chiron, and trans-Neptunian minor planet Haumea all have rings. (See Caltech News here.)  Ontologically, Earth could as well. If we did and if views of the other planets, the stars, nebulae, etc., etc. were occasionally blocked or photographic plates captured their tracks what would be the response? 

 

Would astronomers wish for (or demand) a massive anti-satellite program? No one seems to be calling for weather modification to clear the sky of clouds on nights that astronomers want to work from their visual observatories. (Radio astronomy is not affected by clouds and rain.) 

 

PREVIOUSLY ON NECESSARY FACTS

 

Entrepreneurship 

Elon Musk and the Audacity of Entrepreneurship 

Supplies and Demands 

The Big Whimper of Modern Philosophy 

Friday, September 3, 2021

I Like Satellite Constellations

As an amateur astronomer, I am happy to see strings of satellites passing overhead in the night sky. They are the consequence of thoughtful foresight and careful planning. They express mentality, spirituality, and materiality. They are evidence of human intelligence in the universe. 

 

I have only seen them naked eye. Living about 10 miles from an international airport, I sometimes get jet aircraft passing through my telescope. Once, I was so deep in space that the plane made me flinch. Almost as often I also see meteors falling through in the field of view, and, of course, I catch them naked eye as I scan overhead for targets. Having been out maybe fifty times in the last two years, I also learned to appreciate naked eye views of deep space objects such as the Andromeda Galaxy, Ptolemy’s Nebula, and the Beehive Cluster. Of course, the Pleiades are as easy to locate as the Moon and planets. Knowledge and comprehension make the viewing interesting and important. Otherwise the lights in the sky could be the campfires of the gods. What astounds me is not just knowing what the natural objects are, but the fact that other humans put objects there as well. We are the sky gods of the ancients.

Starwalk dot space here


Some years back, I caught a late night talk show guest, a comedian, narrating about being on an airliner next to a woman who was on the skyphone, complaining to her friend back home that she had just had “the worst day of her life” because her flight had been delayed. I don’t remember his exact words, but it was on the order of this: “Here’s a woman talking to someone hundreds of miles away, while riding six miles above the Earth, close to the speed of sound, in perfect comfort, reclining on a couch, having the worst day of her life.”

 

Generally, the communities of professional and amateur astronomers all are opposed to SpaceX Skylink satellite constellations. They all predict that left unfettered, these objects will impair if not destroy astronomy as a ground-based activity. I stand alone.


First of all, even if (big if) land-based observation became untenable, it would only be incentive to put telescopes farther out, orbiting Earth or orbiting the Sun out to the asteroid belt or the Oort cloud or wherever. Amateur astronomers already do as the professionals, operating their own remote observatories located in deserts and on mountains, working from the comfort of their home offices. See The Last Stargazers by Emily Levesque reviewed 5 March here. The times are long passed when astronomers sat at the eyepieces of remote telescopes to view the stars. For over a century, work has been increasingly automated. More to the point, is something of a natural process that the observatories built "outside" of London, Cambridge (Massachusetts), and other cities moved ever farther out.

 

But other people are not happy to see everything that travels overhead. They do complain about constellations of satellites. It might be understandable if they also complained about meteors. 

Society for Popular Astronomy: Stargazing for Everyone https://www.popastro.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=1&t=22268
Some Deep Sky
Post  by nigeljoslin ¬ยช Thu Sep 02, 2021 3:04 am
[quote=nigeljoslin post_id=119943 time=1630569843 user_id=3023]
Wheeled the 14 inch Dob out last night at about 22:30 under a beautiful, clear sky ...  

Sticking with galaxies, I shifted to Andromeda and viewed the majestic M31 and its companions. I noted with interest that in a time duration of less than one minute, three satellites passed through the field of view, a sign of the times. And then when I lifted my eye from the eyepiece, I saw a meteor heading towards Perseus. I saw two more meteors later; I didn't know there was a shower just now but looking on the net I see that the Aurigids were due to peak, debis from Comet Kiess, a `long period' period comet that comes to us from the Oort Cloud.
Best wishes, Nigel
[/quote]

Backyard astronomers often complain to each other that the viewing was not so good or even completely impossible because of the Moon. Anything more than a quarter Moon makes it difficult to distinguish deep sky objects such as remote galaxies. (We call them “faint fuizzies.”) At the annual astronomy club winter party last December, one of the members told of going to a star party at a government reserve park in Wyoming. The telescopes on the field were all huge, many larger than any government or university telescope of 100 years ago. Some needed their own travel trailers. At that event, Jupiter was considered light pollution. When the planet rose, its light obscured the faintest of the fuzzies. 

As seen by the
International Astronomical Union here
 


In fact, as for Jupiter, I have been told that if you get way far out from any lights and can put the edge of a tree between you and the disk of the planet, you can see its moons. On that basis, you have to wonder why no one ever saw them before. But, then, no one charted the Andromeda galaxy until Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi about 964 CE (on my blog here). 

 

My telescopes are modest. My primary instrument is a 102-mm refractor and I usually view best at about 20X to 80X. But even if I had Nigel’s 14-inch (355 mm) Dobsonian reflector, there would always be a bigger telescope somewhere else. Some hobbyists enjoy custom-made (bespoke) equipment, 24 inches or more, smaller than Keck or Cerro Paranal or for that matter Hubble. Eventually, NASA will launch its James Webb telescope. Others will follow. Telescopes will be built and placed even farther out. 


And it is important to keep in mind that optical instruments only receive a fraction of the electromagnetic spectrum. The universe vibrates at all wavelengths and some amateurs do have their own radio telescopes. But when radio telescopes were invented, commercial broadcast radio already existed. So, radio astronomers adjusted their equipment and their expectations to the reality of the environment.

 

I accept satellite constellations on the same basis that I accept the Moon and Jupiter and even general light pollution. I am fully cognizant of the fact that last year, when we were shut down because of Covid, my city skies were much clearer. It was a high price to pay for some convenience. The bottom line is that we cannot have skies as clear as our ancestors knew them and also have the instruments that reveal the deep details of those skies. 


PREVIOUSLY ON NECESSARY FACTS.

 

The Audacity of Entrepreneurship  

Against Dark Skies 

Backyard Astronomy 

Jupiter-Saturn Conjunction 

Binary Star Project 


Tuesday, July 20, 2021

60 Years Ago: Gus Grisson and Liberty Bell 7

We were on vacation in Daytona Beach, but had to come home on the 20th. So, we did not see any of the launch, except, of course, on television.

Topps cards circa 1961-1962.

Tom Wolfe had a soft spot in his heart for "Gruff Gus" and the movie portrayal delivered much of that. 
Jeff Bezos and Blue Origin: Another Worthy 2nd Place


PREVIOUSLY ON NECESSARY FACTS

Sunday, July 11, 2021

Virgin Galactic VX01 VX03

 A picture is worth a thousand words.




NASA-TV cut between its own feed and the press feed from Unity 22.
These are all sequential as presented by NASA.
Time and Altitude stamps show actuals.
















 

 


 




PREVIOUSLY ON NECESSARY FACTS

Space is the Place: Come to the High Frontier 

The Virtues of Aviation Culture 

Armadillocon 41 Day 3 Part 1 

Entrepreneurship 

Wednesday, July 15, 2020

Astrophotography is a Lot Like Love

It took five hours over four nights to figure out how to get an image with my new iPhone 11.  I gave up trying the smaller telescopes, a 2-3/4 inch refractor and a 5-1/4 inch reflector. Just attaching the phone knocked them far out of alignment and I had to retighten the bolts against the extra weight. So, I turned to a large 8-inch Maksutov catadioptric that I borrowed from the Austin Astronomy Club. That, at least, had good inertia. 

The next problem was focusing. The iPhone 11 makes a lot decisions for you. And it has a lot of options. It all just gets in the way.

Failed imaging with camera out of focus
When the night has been too lonely
and the road has been too long
And you think that love is only for the lucky and the strong

The Austin Astronomical Society featured a guest speaker a couple of months ago who talked about astrophotography. He kept waving his iPhone around saying, "All you need is one of these. All you need is one of these." Well, behind him was an electric guitar. So, this was a dextrous dude. No wonder he finds it easy. 

My current project is working my way through Astronomy Activity and Laboratory Manual by Alan W. Hirshfeld. The arithmetic, algebra, and trigonometry are easy, but real the fun is in following the logic and discoveries of the Paleolithic people, Aristarchus, Copernicus, and Kepler, up through Hubble, to measure the day, the distances to the Sun, the Moon, the planets, and beyond. 

Just remember in the winter,
far beneath the bitter snows
Lies the seed, that with the sun's love
in the spring becomes the rose

It is true that the telescope is a wonderful instrument. Last week, I again observed the star group catalogued as Messier 7, called "Ptolemy's Nebula." Ptolemy knew it as a permanent cloud, just as other ancients catalogued the Andromeda Galaxy as a fixed patch of something. The first telescopes allowed many of those sparkly patches to be resolved into collections of individual stars. 

Andromeda was not resolved into a flat disk until our century and it was not so much the 100-inch telescope as it was the photographic plates that made that possible. So, photography is important and useful. That being as it may, only in 1924 did Edwin Hubble rely on Henrietta Leavitt's work with Cepheid variables (1912) to demonstrate that Andromeda is another "island universe" 860,000 light years away.  

I distance myself from the hobbyists who stack images and photoshop the colors to produce artwork that is not science. Perhaps even more to the point, Astronomy magazine for August 2020 has a glowing review of the Stellina imaging telescope. This robotic camera "captures and stacks exposures to create ever-more-detailed celestial images." You do not even need to know a single star or constellation. The database does all the work. 


Sunday, August 4, 2019

Armadillocon 41

The only people signing autographs here are authors. Armadillocon is a very literary science fiction convention for writers, editors, artists, publishers and fans of science fiction, fantasy, horror, and speculative fiction. The only people from Hollywood are writers (and, infrequently, agents). I attended as a "Regional Participant," presenting a lecture on “The Future of Money” on Friday night, and joining a panel discussion on “The Perfect Heist: Crime in the 23rdCentury" on Sunday afternoon. 

After my talk on Friday night and the opening ceremonies, I went to “Lunar Fiction” which was okay and then “The Social Impact of New Technology” which was great. Dr. Robin R. Murphy (AI, robotics, and emergency response) moderated and was excellent. It was her first science fiction convention. Also on the panel were Dr. Anne V. Smith (computational biology), Paige E. Ewing (data analytics), and authors Lauren C. Teffeau and Becky Burkheart. 
The Social Impact of New Technology
When not rapid firing her .45, Burkheart races horses over 50-mile and 100-mile open country courses. (She also delivered a talk earlier on “Writing Realistic Horsemanship.”) She said that until a few years ago, a cross country race was attended by a veterinarian with a stethoscope. Now, she wears a real time monitor for both herself and her horse. My other takeaway was that “science fiction does the emotional labor of technology.” Also, it is not so much that science predicts the future (though there is that), but Paige Ewing said that she sees scientists today who were inspired by the science fiction of their youth to actually create the speculative inventions such as robots. The panel also agreed that “AI without governance is immoral” and that we need more regulation. Ewing said, “everyone here agrees…” and I said that I did not and Prof. Murphy said that we would not discuss that now, which was fine with me.

Urania Fung (blog) teaches
at Tarrant County College
On Saturday, Laurel and I attended panels from 10:00 AM to 8:00 PM. The show continued but we could not. So, I had to forego “What Science has not been Used in Science Fiction?” 
Mostly following different tracks, we both showed up for “Research for Authors” at noon. Usually, they do that by reading science or history and sometimes interviewing scientists. Stina Leicht took a “Black Taxi” tour of Belfast. Thinking that she had been protected in the company of two large men, she discovered that they were happy to be safe in the company of an American. The more typical danger for a writer is going down a rabbit hole of fascinating but irrelevant research that only prevents writing. Urania Fung said that she just [brackets] the unknown and keeps writing. 

The Archive Theater delivered a presentation on sword fighting taken from a new translation of Cyrano de Bergerac running August 29-September 29. 
 
Stina Leicht blog 
The panel on “Law and Lawyers” was lively and informative. Moderator Christopher Brown is an attorney. Law pervades science fiction from the Three Laws of Robotics to the Prime Directive. She Hulk and Daredevil are lawyers. (Even Superman needs a lawyer. See Action Comics #581.) Writing as John Cambell (Naval Officer), John Hemry (LCDR USN Ret), has "JAGs in space" in his novels. Citizen of the Galaxy and Blue Mars were offered. Melinda Snodgrass (Circuit series and ST:NG "Measure of a Man") holds a law degree from the University of New Mexico. It was suggested that blockchain would allow “smart contracts” that change to meet new legal contexts. 

“How to Get the Science Right” was mostly about how not to get the science wrong. The Scientist Guest of Honor, Dr. Moriba Jah, was more tolerant of weak science in storytelling as long as the deeper methods of science are not violated. “What are some fundamental principles that you can apply?” he asked. “Consistent character development is like consistent science development. Does this science make sense? Can you predict how it will work?” So, too, with character, is it important to be able to be able to predict how they will act. He said that a good story lets the reader remove ignorance. For those reasons, despite the many flaws in Gravity, he accepted the character. He also found value in the revelation from his own field of work that orbital space is crowded with potentially dangerous junk. As for research, he recommended that authors attend science conventions to meet scientists. Rice University librarian Alexis Glynn Latner suggested graduate school poster sessions. Dr. Robin Murphy’s rules for meeting scientists were: (1) suck up to them (2) ask direct questions and (3) say thank you with chocolates. 

Dr. Moriba Jah
Wikipedia here
UT Austin here
I also attended Murphy’s presentation on “Disaster Robotics.” She displayed EMILY, a marine surface robot for rescue. Most of her presentation was about emergency response from FEMA’s point of view. (Maximizing the public good rather than reducing individual suffering.) Murphy ran videos of aerial drones inspecting bridges and said that no people were rescued from rooftops because of them. I was comfortable with all that from my own training. I think that the audience would have preferred more about AI and robotics, maybe be shown flowcharts and decision trees from a “Rescue Roomba” or something. 

Dr. Robin Murphy interviewed Dr. Moriba Jah at 5:00 PM on Saturday. About 20-25 people attended, which was pretty good considering the many tracks that were running. Jah studies non-gravitational orbital dynamics in order to track the thousands of objects orbiting Earth. After a tour of duty in the USAF, he attended Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University and completed his doctoral work at the University of Colorado Boulder. He now works for the University of Texas Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics. He suggested that the first armed conflict in space may not be between the USA and China but between Elon Musk and Mark Zuckerberg. 

PREVIOUSLY ON NECESSARY FACTS


Tuesday, October 18, 2016

A Moment of Science Fact as Science Fiction

The picture that appeared on Reuters.com was startling familiar.  "My god! Someone built the Time Tunnel!" I thought.  But, it was actually the shrinking machine from Fantastic Voyage that NASA did not build.  What they did announce was preparations for the James Webb space telescope.  And congratulations are appropriate.

Submarine about to be shrunk and injected into a patient.
Isaac Asimov's novel was made into a movie (1966) starring
Sophia Loren, Donald Pleasance, and Edmund O'Brien.
James Webb space telescope being prepared.
Video from NASA on Reuters here.

Previously on Necessary Facts
Fantastic Voyages: teaching science with science fiction
Monsters from the Id: Science is Mankind's Last Hope
From Texas to the Moon with John Leonard Riddell
Great Scientific Experiments